Overview of how niacin and its metabolites like NAD, NADP, NADPH play a key role in cellular signaling, apoptosis, balancing intestinal flora and gene expression. Without external supply of supply of niacin, the genome becomes unstable via the antioxidant system no longer functioning efficiently, which ultimately leads to cell death.
Supplementing mice with melatonin increases butyrate production in their gut via bacteria, conversely antibiotics severely impair this butyrate production. When mice are poisoned with titanium nanoparticles to induce bone deterioration, butyrate has a protective effect against bone loss. This protective effect is specifically dependent on the GPR109A receptor that seems to be activated by the butyrate enriched gut microbiota.
Low niacin in diet leads to higher (~125%) rates of severe gum infection.
GPR109A (aka HCA2) is highly expressed in immune cells and together with niacin seems to inhibit proinflammatory aspects of immune cell activity.
Most "niacin" products are niacinamide. If you want the form discussed in this research, look for nicotinic acid specifically.
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