neuroinflammation
Pathways
Studies (11)
Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain
Summary of GPR109A (niacin receptor) role in inflammation of the nervous system, especially the brain, and how activation of GPR109A plays a role in healing may conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and pathological pain.
Pharmacological bypass of NAD+ salvage pathway protects neurons from chemotherapy-induced degeneration
Axon degeneration from NMN accumulation can be prevented by bypassing the NAD+ salvage pathway (which is associated with the production of NMN) by providing nicotinic acid riboside (a precursor to nicotinic acid mononucleotide) as substrate for the body to make NAD+ via the primary Preiss Handler pathway instead.
Wallerian Degeneration Is Executed by an NMN-SARM1-Dependent Late Ca2+ Influx but Only Modestly Influenced by Mitochondria
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) accumulation in the extra cellular environment contributes to the breakdown of axons (nerve fibers).
The β-hydroxybutyrate receptor HCA2 activates a neuroprotective subset of macrophages
Nicotinic acid mimics the effect of a ketogenic diet in activating HCA2, which induces a neuroprotective phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages that infiltrate the brain and that this results in an improved outcome in a mouse model of stroke.
Plasma acetylcholine and nicotinic acid are correlated with focused preference for photographed females in depressed males: an economic game study
This study showed depressed males have a narrower preference for female photographs (only preferring good looking ones) which is a marker for lower cognitive flexibility. The less nicotinic acid in their body, the narrower their preference. This indicates nicotinic acid may regulate human social decision-making (especially preference-related behaviors) by acting on the HCAR2 in microglia (the resident immune cells of the brain and spinal cord which constantly patrol the cerebral microenvironment to respond to pathogens and damage).
NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease
In depth review of NAD+, how its made in the human body, how it becomes deficient, and how its deficiency is a causal factor of a wide range of diseases. And how boosting NAD+ via enhancing agents like niacin ( especially niacin since it is the primary, so called Preiss-Handler pathway of manufacture ) can help cure a wide range of diseases.
Effect of Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases on the transport of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide across the human blood-brain barrier
Looked into how niacin and nicotinamide cross blood brain barrier in control, Huntington & Alzheimer patients. Nicotinamide had higher uptake in brain tissue than niacin. No statistical difference in concentrations across the groups. It was observed that niacin and nicotinamide concentrated in red blood cells vs plasma over time.
Melatonin: Regulation of Biomolecular Condensates in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Melatonin plays a key role in intracellular membrane integrity, especially when a cell is in under stress. Melatonin plays role in maintaining a high ATP:ADP ratio, which suppresses glycolysis. Supplemental melatonin shown to accumulate in all cells, accumulates 10x in membrane compared to mitochondria. Plays unique role in fat/water interfaces, as it can combine with both. Biomolecular condensates play a big role in brain disorders and are shaped by complex relationships between membraneless organelles, membranes/lipid rafts, ATP, RNA, and most of all, stress. Melatonin's intimate association with each of these decisive influencers may position it as an important mediator of sorting out of these condensates in health and disease via ATP-dependent mechanisms.
Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system
Niacin via its ability to enhance macrophage and microglia is great for repairing (myelin) sheaths that protect nerve fibers, which deteriorate in diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications
In depth review of how niacin and its metabolites play a key role in brain and nerve health. Alzheimers and Niacin intake are inversely correlated. Niacin helps cells stay alive when blood supply is cutoff.
A novel treatment target for Parkinson's disease
The GPR109A receptor and its agonists (niacin and butyrate) have anti-inflammatory actions in the skin, gut and retina. For Parkinson's disease, niacin supplementation may have 3 benefits: lower inflammation via GPR109A-related mechanisms, increase dopamine production in brain by supplying NADPH and boosting mitochondrial functions by increasing the NAD/NADH ratio.